ANTENNAS




An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits or receives electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or vice versa. Antennas generally deal in the transmission and reception of radio waves, and are a necessary part of all radio equipment. Antennas are used in systems such as radio and television broadcasting, point-to-point radio communication, wireless LAN, cell phones, radar, and spacecraft communication. Antennas are most commonly employed in air or outer space, but can also be operated underwater or even through soil and rock at certain frequencies for short distances.
Physically, an antenna is an arrangement of one or more conductors, usually called elements in this context. In 
transmission, an alternating current is created in the elements by applying a voltage at the antenna terminals, causing the elements to radiate an electromagnetic field. In reception, the inverse occurs: an electromagnetic field from another source induces an alternating current in the elements and a corresponding voltage at the antenna's terminals. Some receiving antennas (such as parabolic and horn types) incorporate shaped reflective surfaces to collect the radio waves striking them and direct or focus them onto the actual conductive elements.
Some of the first rudimentary antennas were built in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) in his pioneering experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed the emitter dipole in the focal point of a parabolic reflector. He published his work and installation drawings in Annalen der Physik und Chemie (vol. 36, 1889).

Technology :
Microwave antenna: also Parabolic antenna, a high-gain reflector antenna used for radio, television and data communications, and also for Radio Direction finding And Location (RADAR), on the UHF and SHF parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Radio telescope: a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy. and for tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes. These, detect and collect data in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, in contrast to optical telescopes.

Television antenna: or TV aerial, is an antenna specifically designed for the reception of over the air broadcast television signals, throughout the globe.
Antenna towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials in the UK) for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television.

Horn antenna: a type of telecommunications antenna

Dipole antenna: a simple antenna which can be constructed from one wire, fed by a source.

Omni-directional antenna: an antenna system which radiates power uniformly in one plane.

Directional antenna: or beam antenna radiates greater power in one or more directions allowing for increased performance on transmit, and receive, with reduced interference.


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